1        Introduction Cyberspace’s virtual characteristics do not necessarily mean that its consequences in real life cannot be actual. All the actors involved in an Internet transaction have a real-world existence …

1        Introduction Identity is a much bigger notion than signing things. In our daily lives and social interactions, we rarely encounter situations that require our signatures, so most of the …

1        Introduction Authentication means “verifying the identity of a user, process, or device, often as a prerequisite to allowing access to a system’s resources.”[1] Two-factor authentication(2FA) or multi-factor authentication(MFA) is …